Thick-headed Flies
family of suborder “Brachyceran Flies“
1 family, 2 species
This description pertains to the family Conopidae, which consists of elongated or stout flies of small to large sizes, often with a black and yellow or reddish brown color pattern. They have a broad head, large oral opening, and a long and slender proboscis. The larvae of Conopidae are internal parasites of stinging Hymenoptera, and adult females deposit eggs by intercepting their hosts in flight. Some species of Conopidae have economic importance as parasites of honey bees and bumblebees. The family is found in various regions including the Nearctic, West Palaearctic, Australasian/Oceanian, and Japan. Identification keys for species within this family are available but may require revision. Further reading and external links are provided for additional information.
Hierarchy
species of family “Thick-headed Flies“
1 species
Description#
For terms see Morphology of Diptera. Rather thinly pilose or nearly bare, elongate or stout flies of small to large size (3–20 mm, usually 5–15 mm). They are often lustrous with a black and yellow colour pattern or with reddish brown markings. The head is broad and the frons is broad in both sexes. Ocelli may be present or absent (Conopinae). Ocellar bristles are small or absent. Interfrontal bristles and vibrissae are absent. The antennae have three segments, the third bearing a dorsal bare arista or terminal style. Above the antennae is an inflatable ptilinum. The oral opening is large and the proboscis is long and slender and often geniculate. The base of the abdomen is often constricted and the genitalia of both sexes are conspicuous. In the females the genitalia are often large or greatly elongated. The wing is usually clear, in some cases with dark markings often along the costa. The costa is continuous and the subcostal vein is complete. The anal cell is closed and the first basal cell is always very long, the second moderately long. The apical cell is closed or much narrowed. Tibiae are with (Myopinae) or without dorsal preapical bristle. Sample genera: Conops, Dalmannia, Physocephala, Stylogaster, Myopa, and Physoconops.
Biology#
The larvae of all conopids are internal parasites, most of aculeate (stinging) Hymenoptera. Adult females aggressively intercept their hosts in flight to deposit eggs. Accordingly, in the species Bombus terrestris, it has been shown that vulnerable foraging bees are likely the most susceptible to parasitism by conopids. The female’s abdomen is modified to form what amounts to a “can opener” to pry open the segments of the host’s abdomen as the egg is inserted. The subfamily Stylogastrinae, including the genus Stylogaster, is somewhat different, in that the egg itself is shaped somewhat like a harpoon, with a rigid barbed tip, and the egg is forcibly jabbed into the host. Some species of Stylogaster are obligate associates of army ants, using the ants’ raiding columns to flush out their prey. Certain members of the genus Physocephala have minor economic importance as parasites of honey bees. Some members of this genus, such as Physocephala tibialis have been shown to induce certain bumblebees to bury themselves before they die, allowing the adult fly to emerge from their hosts underground. More research is needed to determine the life histories of most conopids.
Species lists#
Nearctic West Palaearctic including Russia Australasian/Oceanian Japan World list
Identification#
Krober. 1925. Conopidae.In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region, 4, 4: 1-41Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28. virtuelle numérique Zirnjna. L.V. Family Conopidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.
Further reading#
Kröber, O. (1939). “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Conopiden”. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. 11 (4): 38 1. Camras, S. (1962). “The Conopidae of Madagascar (Diptera)”. Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. E. Tananarive. 8: 18 1. Smith, K. G. V. (1966). “The larva of Thecophora occidensis, with comments upon the biology of Conopidae (Diptera)”. Journal of Zoology. 149 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb04048.x.. Keys larvae and pupae to genus (worldwide). Very full world bibliography of biology and immature stages. K. G. V. Smith, 1989 An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. Diptera Larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae.Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 10 Part 14. pdf download manual (two parts Main text and figures index)
External links#
Data related to Conopidae at Wikispecies
Thick-headed Fly - Physoconops sp. diagnostic photographs, natural history Image Gallery Family description and images Wing venation “Conopidae: Thick-Headed Flies”. Atlas of Living Australia. Conopidae attacking bumblebee in slow motion on YouTube Media related to Conopidae at Wikimedia Commons
This description pertains to the family Conopidae, which consists of elongated or stout flies of small to large sizes, often with a black and yellow or reddish brown color pattern. They have a broad head, large oral opening, and a long and slender proboscis. The larvae of Conopidae are internal parasites of stinging Hymenoptera, and adult females deposit eggs by intercepting their hosts in flight. Some species of Conopidae have economic importance as parasites of honey bees and bumblebees. The family is found in various regions including the Nearctic, West Palaearctic, Australasian/Oceanian, and Japan. Identification keys for species within this family are available but may require revision. Further reading and external links are provided for additional information.
Ancestry Graph
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