Spongy Moth
Lat. “Lymantria dispar“
species
of order
“Butterflies and Moths“
1 species
Lymantria dispar, the gypsy moth, are moths in the family Erebidae. Lymantria dispar covers many subspecies, subspecies identification such as L. d. dispar or L. d. japonica leaves no ambiguity in identification. Lymantria dispar subspecies have a range which covers in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America.
Etymology
The etymology of “gypsy moth” is not conclusively known; however, the term is known to have been in use (as ‘Gipsey’) as early as 1832. Moths of the subfamily Lymantriinae are commonly called tussock moths due to the tussock-like tufts of hair on the caterpillars. The name Lymantria dispar is composed of two Latin-derived words. The generic name Lymantria means ‘destroyer’. The species epithet dispar means ’to separate’ in Latin; it refers to the sexual dimorphism observed in the male and female imagines. In July 2021 the Entomological Society of America decided to remove the name “gypsy moth” from its Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms List as “hurtful to the Romani people”, since gypsy is considered an ethnic slur by some Romani people. In January 2022, the new common name “spongy moth” was proposed, as a translation from the French name “spongieuse” for the species, referring to the sponge-like egg masses laid by L. dispar. The name Gypsy is widely embraced by Roma people as a self-referenced demonym in Europe. There has been no similar call to change the insect’s name in its native area.
Taxonomy
The European native, and introduced North American, L. dispar moths are considered to be the same subspecies, L. d. dispar. Confusion over the classification of species and subspecies exists. The U. S. Department of Agriculture defines the Asian subspecies as “any biotype of L. dispar possessing female flight capability”, despite L. d. asiatica not being the only accepted subspecies that is capable of flight. Traditionally, L. dispar has been referred to as “gypsy moth” even when referring to Japanese, Indian and Asiatic populations.
Biological pest control measures
Lymantria dispar was introduced into North America by artist and astronomer Étienne Léopold Trouvelot in 1869, who imported it from Europe while looking for a source of silk to replace the shortage of cotton caused by the American Civil War. Since then, several species of parasitoids and predators have been introduced as biological control agents in attempts to help control this moth. Beginning in the late 1800s, at least ten species were established this way, but for nearly a century, there was little regulation or research on the effectiveness or non-target effects of these introduced natural enemies. Several were generalists that offered little control of L. dispar and attacked other native insects. One such species is the tachinid fly Compsilura concinnata, which attacked many other host species (over 180 known hosts documented), laying waste many of the large moth species previously abundant in the Northeast. Another is the encyrtid wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae which attacks L. dispar eggs but also parasitizes the eggs of other Lepidoptera species. The most effective control agents are microbial pathogens: a virus (LdmNPV), and a fungus (Entomophaga maimaiga).
External links
Media related to Lymantria dispar at Wikimedia Commons Gypsy moth on UKmoths Bugguide.net Species Profile: European Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) from the National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library
Ancestry Graph
Further Information
Copyright
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Lymantria dispar the free encyclopedia Wikipedia which is released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License). On Wikipedia a list of authors is available.